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                  <text>Documenting Discrimination: Alonso S. Perales Correspondence (1927-1952)</text>
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                  <text>Alonso S. Perales, one of the greatest Latino civil rights leaders ever, was one of the first Latino public intellectuals to master the use of the media in pioneering efforts to track and report on discrimination. Over the course of forty years of activism, during the 1920s to 1960, Perales wrote a weekly column in San Antonio’s La Prensa newspaper, the periodical with the greatest and most extensive circulation; had a radio program; published books; and maintained an unheard of level of correspondence, writing daily as many as ten letters to the authorities, civil rights activists and just everyday folk. One campaign he maintained over many years was his use of the periodicals and radio program to invite victims and witnesses of discrimination to document the cases in letter form and send them to him at his San Antonio law office. He would abstract these testimonies in his newspaper columns and radio programs and use them as evidence to demand corrective action and policy changes from government at every level. In the Alonso S. Perales archive hundreds of these letters have been preserved; many of them were written by hand by working-class people who were most likely to suffer the indignities and denial of services because they were Mexicans or Latinos. Because La Prensa and Perales’ network was so broad, the letters came not only from throughout Texas and the Southwest but from as far north as North Dakota and east as the Carolinas. The record is diverse in documenting everything from barbers refusing to cut hair to schools that would not allow Mexican families to register their children. The Perales collection of correspondence is one of the very few documentary sources that precisely date, locate and describe the instances of segregation, violence and racism experienced by Latinos over a long period of time: names are named, addresses noted and alleged crimes publicized; in most cases, however, these acts were committed with impunity, but the informal history and conscience of la raza was recording them. And now, the researchers of posterity can study and reference them in writing a truer history of the United States, and communities can become aware of these acts in developing laws and policy.</text>
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                  <text>Alonso S. Perales, uno de los líderes latinos más importantes de derechos civiles, fue uno de los primeros intelectuales públicos en dominar el uso de los medios de comunicación y  pionero en dedicar esfuerzos a rastrear y denunciar instancias de discriminación. A lo largo de cuarenta años de activismo, durante las décadas de 1920 hasta 1960, Perales escribió columnas semanales en el periódico La Prensa de San Antonio, el diario con la mayor y más extensa circulación de ese período; además tuvo un programa de radio; publicó libros; y mantuvo una extensa correspondencia, escribiendo hasta diez cartas diarias dirigidas a autoridades, activistas de derechos civiles y gente en general. Perales impulsó una campaña, que mantuvo durante muchos años, donde a través de publicaciones en periódicos y su programa de radio invitaba a las víctimas y testigos de actos de discriminación a documentar estos casos en forma de cartas y a enviárselas a su despacho de abogados de San Antonio, Texas. Perales resumía estos testimonios en sus columnas periodísticas y programas de radio y los utilizaba como prueba para exigir medidas correctivas y cambios de política al gobierno a todo nivel. En el archivo de Alonso S. Perales se conservan cientos de estas cartas; muchas de ellas escritas a mano provenientes en su mayoría de la clase trabajadora que tenía más probabilidades de sufrir humillaciones y negación de servicios por ser mexicanos o latinos.&#13;
Como la red de La Prensa y de Perales eran tan amplias, las cartas vinieron no solo desde Texas y del suroeste sino también desde lugares tan al norte como Dakota del Norte y del este como Carolina del Sur y Carolina del Norte. El material es variado y documenta desde barberos que se negaban a cortar el pelo hasta escuelas que no permitían a las familias mexicanas matricular a sus hijos. La colección de correspondencia de Perales es una de las escasas fuentes documentales que datan, localizan y describen con precisión los casos de segregación, violencia y racismo sufridos por los latinos durante un largo periodo de tiempo: se citan nombres, se anotan direcciones y se publicitan presuntos delitos; en la mayoría de los casos, sin embargo, estos actos se cometían con impunidad, pero la historia informal y la conciencia de la raza los registraban. Y ahora, los investigadores de la posteridad pueden estudiarlos y hacer referencia a ellos al escribir una historia más verdadera de Estados Unidos, y las comunidades pueden tomar conciencia de estos actos al momento de elaborar leyes y políticas.</text>
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                <text>To Lic. Alonzo S. Perales, From Jose Gallegos, October 10, 1944</text>
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                <text>Letter from Jose Gallegos to Alonso S. Perales regarding the discrimination he and others of Mexican descent faced at a local cafe, where they were asked if they were Indians or Mexicans and then told to leave.</text>
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                <text>Items in this collection may be under copyright. Please contact apprec@central.uh.edu for more information.</text>
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                  <text>Alonso S. Perales (1898-1960) was a lawyer, statesman, diplomat, author, writer, speaker. His collection is held at the University of Houston's Special Collections. A sampling of his photographs, letters, and documents are included here.</text>
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                <text>To Lic. Perales, From Francisco Echavarria, 2-18-1944</text>
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                <text>Cameron Texas -2-18-1944&#13;
Sr.&#13;
Lic. Perales&#13;
Estimado Sr. perdone que no soll [soy] digno De presentar a Ud. mi mal escrita carta Soy hombre sensillo [sencillo] campezino [campesino] de 1910 a la Fecha presente soll [soy] residente de el condado Milam cavesera [cabezera] Cameron y en esa siudad [ciudad]. Se en cuentra [encuetra] completa segregasion [segregación] para Nosotros los Mexicanos en la escuela Alta. seven [Se ven] que van algunos niños pero Se tiene es cuela [escuela] por separada onde [donde] asen [hacen] Sus primeros estudios en el mismo Condado all [hay] escuelas rurales que no prinsipian [principian] asta [hasta] enero [illegible] anunsian [anuncian] que en Marzo termina por que all [hay] [illegible: menos] trabajo que aser [hacer]. Llo [Yo] comprendo que all [hay] es cases [escases] De jente [gente] para el trabajo. pero llo [yo] lo ago [hago] de su conosimiento [conocimiento]. en la siudad [ciudad] all [hay] Lugares que alos [a los] nuestros los an [han] golpeado en el sinamatografo [cinematógrafo] nostienen [nos tienen] fila de Asientos por separado a la isquierda [izquierda] si en Cuentran [encuentran] [illegible: su estros] asientos en [illegible: farías] tiendas de rropa no senos [se nos] permite el provarnos traje para comprar. en lugar de mandarle a Ud. nombres de propetarios [propietarios] y nombres de Establesimientos [establecimientos] diré á Ud que en la&#13;
&#13;
[page 2]&#13;
&#13;
(1)&#13;
&#13;
Siudad [Ciudad] y [illegible] somos distingudos [distinguidos.] Nosé [No sé], rrespetable [respetable] siudadano [ciudadano] como estara la Gran union, ni tampoco me esplico [explico] que Error abra [habrá] en la [illegible: dell] de EEUU. Que Nuestra sangre sederrama [se derrama] atorrentes [a torrentes] en El campo de batalla por el rrespeto [respeto] derecho y justisia [justicia] y aun no se anfijado [han fijado]  que Nuestro Mexico se en cuentra [encuentra] en el continente Americano por lo tanto somos los Mexicanos por la boluntad [voluntad] de Dios. Ligítimos Americanos.&#13;
Perdone Ud. Sr. lic. Perales mi falta De obtogragia [ortografía] y forma no ise sino Ovedeserlo [obedecer lo] y me despido de Ud. &#13;
&#13;
Su atento amigo y S.S.&#13;
Francisco Echavarría&#13;
&#13;
R 1 B. 189&#13;
Cameron, Texas.</text>
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                  <text>Content compilation of The Latino/Hispanic American Experience Leaders, Writers and Thinkers copyright 2012 by Arte Público Historical Collections. All rights reserved.</text>
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                  <text>Alonso S. Perales, one of the greatest Latino civil rights leaders ever, was one of the first Latino public intellectuals to master the use of the media in pioneering efforts to track and report on discrimination. Over the course of forty years of activism, during the 1920s to 1960, Perales wrote a weekly column in San Antonio’s La Prensa newspaper, the periodical with the greatest and most extensive circulation; had a radio program; published books; and maintained an unheard of level of correspondence, writing daily as many as ten letters to the authorities, civil rights activists and just everyday folk. One campaign he maintained over many years was his use of the periodicals and radio program to invite victims and witnesses of discrimination to document the cases in letter form and send them to him at his San Antonio law office. He would abstract these testimonies in his newspaper columns and radio programs and use them as evidence to demand corrective action and policy changes from government at every level. In the Alonso S. Perales archive hundreds of these letters have been preserved; many of them were written by hand by working-class people who were most likely to suffer the indignities and denial of services because they were Mexicans or Latinos. Because La Prensa and Perales’ network was so broad, the letters came not only from throughout Texas and the Southwest but from as far north as North Dakota and east as the Carolinas. The record is diverse in documenting everything from barbers refusing to cut hair to schools that would not allow Mexican families to register their children. The Perales collection of correspondence is one of the very few documentary sources that precisely date, locate and describe the instances of segregation, violence and racism experienced by Latinos over a long period of time: names are named, addresses noted and alleged crimes publicized; in most cases, however, these acts were committed with impunity, but the informal history and conscience of la raza was recording them. And now, the researchers of posterity can study and reference them in writing a truer history of the United States, and communities can become aware of these acts in developing laws and policy.</text>
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                  <text>Alonso S. Perales, uno de los líderes latinos más importantes de derechos civiles, fue uno de los primeros intelectuales públicos en dominar el uso de los medios de comunicación y  pionero en dedicar esfuerzos a rastrear y denunciar instancias de discriminación. A lo largo de cuarenta años de activismo, durante las décadas de 1920 hasta 1960, Perales escribió columnas semanales en el periódico La Prensa de San Antonio, el diario con la mayor y más extensa circulación de ese período; además tuvo un programa de radio; publicó libros; y mantuvo una extensa correspondencia, escribiendo hasta diez cartas diarias dirigidas a autoridades, activistas de derechos civiles y gente en general. Perales impulsó una campaña, que mantuvo durante muchos años, donde a través de publicaciones en periódicos y su programa de radio invitaba a las víctimas y testigos de actos de discriminación a documentar estos casos en forma de cartas y a enviárselas a su despacho de abogados de San Antonio, Texas. Perales resumía estos testimonios en sus columnas periodísticas y programas de radio y los utilizaba como prueba para exigir medidas correctivas y cambios de política al gobierno a todo nivel. En el archivo de Alonso S. Perales se conservan cientos de estas cartas; muchas de ellas escritas a mano provenientes en su mayoría de la clase trabajadora que tenía más probabilidades de sufrir humillaciones y negación de servicios por ser mexicanos o latinos.&#13;
Como la red de La Prensa y de Perales eran tan amplias, las cartas vinieron no solo desde Texas y del suroeste sino también desde lugares tan al norte como Dakota del Norte y del este como Carolina del Sur y Carolina del Norte. El material es variado y documenta desde barberos que se negaban a cortar el pelo hasta escuelas que no permitían a las familias mexicanas matricular a sus hijos. La colección de correspondencia de Perales es una de las escasas fuentes documentales que datan, localizan y describen con precisión los casos de segregación, violencia y racismo sufridos por los latinos durante un largo periodo de tiempo: se citan nombres, se anotan direcciones y se publicitan presuntos delitos; en la mayoría de los casos, sin embargo, estos actos se cometían con impunidad, pero la historia informal y la conciencia de la raza los registraban. Y ahora, los investigadores de la posteridad pueden estudiarlos y hacer referencia a ellos al escribir una historia más verdadera de Estados Unidos, y las comunidades pueden tomar conciencia de estos actos al momento de elaborar leyes y políticas.</text>
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                <text>To Lic. Perales, From Joeinlo Arrolloz, Edna, Texas, March 5, 1944</text>
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                <text>Letter from Joeinlo Arrolloz to Alonso S. Perales informing him of segregated schools in Edna, Texas schools and of six restaurants that deny service to people of Mexican descent, including Dahlstrom Eats, Ed's Cafe, Cozy Cafe, and Ronnels Cafe.</text>
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                <text>To Mr. Alonso S. Perales, Director General, League of Loyal Americans, From James L. Collins, Major General, U. S. Army, Headquarters Second Division, February 8, 1941.</text>
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                  <text>Content compilation of The Latino/Hispanic American Experience Leaders, Writers and Thinkers copyright 2012 by Arte Público Historical Collections. All rights reserved.</text>
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                  <text>Alonso S. Perales, one of the greatest Latino civil rights leaders ever, was one of the first Latino public intellectuals to master the use of the media in pioneering efforts to track and report on discrimination. Over the course of forty years of activism, during the 1920s to 1960, Perales wrote a weekly column in San Antonio’s La Prensa newspaper, the periodical with the greatest and most extensive circulation; had a radio program; published books; and maintained an unheard of level of correspondence, writing daily as many as ten letters to the authorities, civil rights activists and just everyday folk. One campaign he maintained over many years was his use of the periodicals and radio program to invite victims and witnesses of discrimination to document the cases in letter form and send them to him at his San Antonio law office. He would abstract these testimonies in his newspaper columns and radio programs and use them as evidence to demand corrective action and policy changes from government at every level. In the Alonso S. Perales archive hundreds of these letters have been preserved; many of them were written by hand by working-class people who were most likely to suffer the indignities and denial of services because they were Mexicans or Latinos. Because La Prensa and Perales’ network was so broad, the letters came not only from throughout Texas and the Southwest but from as far north as North Dakota and east as the Carolinas. The record is diverse in documenting everything from barbers refusing to cut hair to schools that would not allow Mexican families to register their children. The Perales collection of correspondence is one of the very few documentary sources that precisely date, locate and describe the instances of segregation, violence and racism experienced by Latinos over a long period of time: names are named, addresses noted and alleged crimes publicized; in most cases, however, these acts were committed with impunity, but the informal history and conscience of la raza was recording them. And now, the researchers of posterity can study and reference them in writing a truer history of the United States, and communities can become aware of these acts in developing laws and policy.</text>
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Como la red de La Prensa y de Perales eran tan amplias, las cartas vinieron no solo desde Texas y del suroeste sino también desde lugares tan al norte como Dakota del Norte y del este como Carolina del Sur y Carolina del Norte. El material es variado y documenta desde barberos que se negaban a cortar el pelo hasta escuelas que no permitían a las familias mexicanas matricular a sus hijos. La colección de correspondencia de Perales es una de las escasas fuentes documentales que datan, localizan y describen con precisión los casos de segregación, violencia y racismo sufridos por los latinos durante un largo periodo de tiempo: se citan nombres, se anotan direcciones y se publicitan presuntos delitos; en la mayoría de los casos, sin embargo, estos actos se cometían con impunidad, pero la historia informal y la conciencia de la raza los registraban. Y ahora, los investigadores de la posteridad pueden estudiarlos y hacer referencia a ellos al escribir una historia más verdadera de Estados Unidos, y las comunidades pueden tomar conciencia de estos actos al momento de elaborar leyes y políticas.</text>
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                <text>104-5 Cassiano Bldg,&#13;
201 S. Laredo St.&#13;
&#13;
Dec. 11, 1933.&#13;
&#13;
Miss Antonia Gómez,&#13;
30[Illegible - 3] Garza St.,&#13;
Del Rio, Texas.&#13;
&#13;
My dear Miss Gómez:&#13;
&#13;
Please excuse my delay in replying to your welcome letter of November 30, 1933.  I have been extremely busy.&#13;
&#13;
I was indeed happy to learn of the installation of the Ladies' LULAC Council in Del Rio, and I wish to congratu-late [congratulate] you and all the other members most sincerely.  You [Illegible: may be] sure that you have taken a very [Illegible: wise] step.  I am certain you ladies can do much for our people in Del Rio.&#13;
&#13;
The thing for you all to do now, if you have not already done so, is to become thoroughly familiar with the aims and purposes of our League.  I am enclosing a pamphlet which contains [Illegible: some] in both languages.  After you have done that, you, as President, should appoint your [Handwritten: standing] committees.  For your information I will state that our Council No. 16 has the following Committees:  Health, Housing, Boy Scouts, Sports, Poll-Tax, Entertainment, Recreation Centers, Justice, and Educational.  The success of our labor depends largely upon how diligently, actively and enthusiastically the standing committees work.&#13;
&#13;
Have you paid the [Illegible: $] 5.00 charter fee to the President General?&#13;
&#13;
With kindest regards and best wishes to each and every one of you, and wishing you much success in [illegible: yur] work as members of our League, I remain&#13;
&#13;
Sincerely yours,&#13;
&#13;
P.S. Please send me the names of all the members of your Council and any other information which you may have for "La Prensa".  Better still, if you can write it up as a news item, it will save me time.  I'll then send it to "La Prensa" for publication.</text>
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Mr. W. J. Everitt&#13;
Superintendent of Schools&#13;
Pleasanton, Texas&#13;
&#13;
Dear Mr. Everitt;&#13;
&#13;
Upon my return to the office here today I found your letter of October 12th awaiting my attention.&#13;
&#13;
In reply, permit me to state that, as you already know, the law requires that no discrimination be permitted among the children.  The Latin American children has as much right under the law to nice school rooms, good equipment, textbooks, and an uncrowded situation as the Anglo Americans.  You should by no means permit a separation of those children after they pass the third grade.  Up to the third grade, until they learn the language, separation is probably better; however, if the Latin American child is reared in a home where English is spoken, there is no reason for separation at all.  &#13;
&#13;
I trust that you will be able to work out this problem satisfactorily to all concerned.  If we can be of any help to you, we shall be glad to do it.  &#13;
&#13;
Sincerely yours,&#13;
L.A. Woods&#13;
State Superintendent &#13;
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                <text>To Mr. A. S. Perales, 900-19th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C., from J. T. Canales, April 26, 1927.</text>
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                <text>Alonso S. Perales Papers: LULAC &amp; Sons of America: Correspondence, 1927-1957. University of Houston Libraries Special Collections</text>
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                <text>CANALES &amp; McKAY [HEADER]&#13;
LAWYERS&#13;
BROWNSVILLE, TEXAS&#13;
&#13;
April 26, 1927.&#13;
&#13;
Mr. A.S. Perales&#13;
900-19th Street, N.W.&#13;
Washington, D.C.&#13;
&#13;
My dear Friend:-&#13;
&#13;
Your letter of April 11th, arrived during my absence from the City spending a few days at Saltillo, Mexico, hence my delay in replying thereto.&#13;
&#13;
Perhaps you do not know that I had the misfur-tune of losing my father last March and on account of the nervous strain I went through during his sickness and death the Doctors through proper that I should go and take a few days’ rest in the mountains.&#13;
&#13;
Replying to your question in your letter I will say that I [Handwritten – am] glad to know that you|are coming to locate in the Valley ant to practice law.  I notice that you have selected McAllen as a place to open up an office. It is a very good place and I shall be glad to make some arrangements to be associated with you in the practice of law.  I have an of-fice in Rio Grande City where I go every week and I had hoped [Handwritten – comma] in the event you will come to Texas, that we will make some sort of arrangement for practicing law with an office there, [Handwritten – comma] as there is great deal of business in Starr County of the kind and character that I like to handle; that is; par-tition of land grants, suits with regard to land, and other big matters of like character.&#13;
&#13;
When you come down we will talk the matter over and we will make such arrangements as will be mutually beneficial.&#13;
&#13;
With best wishes and personal regards, I beg to remain&#13;
&#13;
Very truly and sincerely your friend,&#13;
&#13;
J.T. Canales [Handwritten – Signature]&#13;
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              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                  <text>PERALES, Alonso S., 1898-1960</text>
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                  <text>LEAGUE of United Latin American Citizens</text>
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                  <text>CIVIC participation: working for civil rights</text>
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                  <text>MEXICAN Americans</text>
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                  <text>LATINO Americans</text>
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                  <text>ACTIVISTS</text>
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                  <text>RACE discrimination</text>
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                  <text>Alonso S. Perales Papers, University of Houston Libraries Special Collections </text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="5258">
                  <text>EBSCO Arte Público Hispanic Historical Collection: Series 2 </text>
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                  <text>Alonso S. Perales (1898-1960) was a lawyer, statesman, diplomat, author, writer, speaker. His collection is held at the University of Houston's Special Collections. A sampling of his photographs, letters, and documents are included here.</text>
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                  <text>Perales, Alonso S.  </text>
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                <text>To Mr. Alonso S. Perales, Davis, Wright &amp; Perales Attorneys At Law, From L. A. Woods, State Superintendent, State Department of Education, October 19, 1946.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Woods, L. A.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1609">
                <text>1946-10-19</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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                <text>Alonso S. Perales Papers: Law Practice: Cases &amp; Contracts, c. 1918-1960. Cases L-R, p170-170. 1p. 1 Graphic, Symbol or Logo. University of Houston Libraries Special Collections</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="21778">
                <text>EBSCO Arte Público Hispanic Historical Collection: Series 2</text>
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                <text>Text</text>
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                <text>LETTERS</text>
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                <text>PERALES, Alonso S., 1898-1960</text>
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                <text>PETITIONS</text>
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                <text>SCHOOL board members</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>pera0059</text>
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                <text>Arte Público Hispanic Historical Collection: Series 2</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Letter to Alonso Perales from L.A. Woods which mentions the letter written to W. J. Everitt, Superintendent of Schools in Pleasanton, Texas dated October 18th.  L.A. Woods believes that the school district is interested in “doing the right thing” and will “take care of the situation”.</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
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                <text>PLEASANTON (Tex.)</text>
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                <text>AUSTIN (Tex.)</text>
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                <text>SAN Antonio (Tex.)</text>
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                <text>Items in this collection may be under copyright. Please contact apprec@central.uh.edu for more information.</text>
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                <text>[On Letterhead - State Department of Education]&#13;
October 19, 1946&#13;
Mr. Alonso S. Perales&#13;
Davis, Wright &amp; Perales&#13;
Attorneys at Law&#13;
Suite 714, Gunter Bldg.&#13;
San Antonio 5, Texas&#13;
&#13;
Dear Mr. Perales:&#13;
&#13;
This will acknowledge receipt of your letter of October 18th, enclosing a copy f the petition presented to the Pleasanton Board of Education, and copies of two letters which you addressed to the said Board.&#13;
&#13;
I am enclosing a copy of a letter which I wrote to Mr. W.J. Everitt, Superintendent of Schools, Pleasanton, Texas, on October 18th.  It seems that Mr. Everitt has been interested in doing the right thing in his school district; at least it seems that way from the letter he wrote me on October 12th, a copy of which is enclosed, and I have stated to him frankly my view in the matter.  I think Mr. Everitt and his Board are going to do everything they can to take care of the situation.&#13;
&#13;
Sincerely yours,&#13;
L.A. Woods [Handwritten - Signature]&#13;
State Superintendent&#13;
</text>
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        <name>Miembros de la Junta Escolar</name>
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        <name>Perales, Alonso S.</name>
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        <name>Peticiones</name>
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        <name>Woods, L. A.</name>
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