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                  <text>Alonso S. Perales Papers</text>
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                  <text>Arte Público Press/Recovering the US Hispanic Literary Heritage</text>
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                  <text>Perales, Alonso S. </text>
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              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                  <text>PERALES, Alonso S., 1898-1960</text>
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                  <text>LEAGUE of United Latin American Citizens</text>
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                  <text>Alonso S. Perales Papers, University of Houston Libraries Special Collections </text>
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                  <text>EBSCO Arte Público Hispanic Historical Collection: Series 2 </text>
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                  <text>Alonso S. Perales (1898-1960) was a lawyer, statesman, diplomat, author, writer, speaker. His collection is held at the University of Houston's Special Collections. A sampling of his photographs, letters, and documents are included here.</text>
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                  <text>Perales, Alonso S.  </text>
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                <text>To Mr. A. S. Perales, 900-19th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C., from J. T. Canales, April 26, 1927.</text>
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                <text>LETTERS</text>
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                <text>CANALES, J. T. (Jose Tomas), 1877-1976</text>
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                <text>Canales, J.T (Jose Tomas)</text>
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                <text>Alonso S. Perales Papers: LULAC &amp; Sons of America: Correspondence, 1927-1957. University of Houston Libraries Special Collections</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>WASHINGTON (D.C.)</text>
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                <text>RIO Grande City (Tex.)</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Letter to A.S. Perales from J.T. Canales discussing the loss of his father.  The letter also discusses Canales' hope that they can be associated in the practice of law because there is a a great deal of business related to land grants and the like that he likes to handle.</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Items in this collection may be under copyright. Please contact apprec@central.uh.edu for more information.</text>
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                <text>CANALES &amp; McKAY [HEADER]&#13;
LAWYERS&#13;
BROWNSVILLE, TEXAS&#13;
&#13;
April 26, 1927.&#13;
&#13;
Mr. A.S. Perales&#13;
900-19th Street, N.W.&#13;
Washington, D.C.&#13;
&#13;
My dear Friend:-&#13;
&#13;
Your letter of April 11th, arrived during my absence from the City spending a few days at Saltillo, Mexico, hence my delay in replying thereto.&#13;
&#13;
Perhaps you do not know that I had the misfur-tune of losing my father last March and on account of the nervous strain I went through during his sickness and death the Doctors through proper that I should go and take a few days’ rest in the mountains.&#13;
&#13;
Replying to your question in your letter I will say that I [Handwritten – am] glad to know that you|are coming to locate in the Valley ant to practice law.  I notice that you have selected McAllen as a place to open up an office. It is a very good place and I shall be glad to make some arrangements to be associated with you in the practice of law.  I have an of-fice in Rio Grande City where I go every week and I had hoped [Handwritten – comma] in the event you will come to Texas, that we will make some sort of arrangement for practicing law with an office there, [Handwritten – comma] as there is great deal of business in Starr County of the kind and character that I like to handle; that is; par-tition of land grants, suits with regard to land, and other big matters of like character.&#13;
&#13;
When you come down we will talk the matter over and we will make such arrangements as will be mutually beneficial.&#13;
&#13;
With best wishes and personal regards, I beg to remain&#13;
&#13;
Very truly and sincerely your friend,&#13;
&#13;
J.T. Canales [Handwritten – Signature]&#13;
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        <name>Canales, J.T. (Jose Tomas)</name>
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        <name>Cartas</name>
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        <name>Concesiones de tierras --Texas, Sur</name>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Envelopes--Alonso S. Perales</text>
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                  <text>This collection contains a sampling of empty envelopes included in the Alonso S. Perales Collection. These envelopes attest to Perales' communication network, which spans across the United States and abroad.</text>
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              <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                  <text>UNITED States</text>
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              <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                  <text>1924-1960</text>
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              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Perales, Alonso S.</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Envelope addressed to Mr. Alonso S. Perales, postmarked 18 February 1950</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Canales, J.T. [Jose Tomas] </text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Envelope addressed to Mr. Alonso S. Perales from J.T. [Jose Tomas] Canales in Brownsville, Texas, postmarked 18 February 1950. Written across the front of the envelope is "Canales file" and the note "Compadre: Favor de leer esta carta, Perales." [Friend: Please read this letter, Perales] This envelope cannot be definitively matched to any of the letters in the Alonso S. Perales Collection.</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>ENVELOPES (Stationery)</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>1950-02-18</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Alonso S. Perales Collection: Correspondence--Envelopes</text>
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                <text>Alonso S. Perales Collection</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>BROWNSVILLE (Tex.)</text>
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            <description>A related resource</description>
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                <text>EBSCO Arte Público Hispanic Historical Collection: Series 2</text>
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                <text>Alonso S. Perales Papers: General Correspondence. University of Houston Libraries, Special Collections</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Items in this collection may be under copyright. Please contact apprec@central.uh.edu for more information.</text>
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                <text>Affidavit sworn by Roberto Canales to Alonso S. Perales</text>
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                <text>Affidavit sworn by Roberto Canales to Alonso S. Perales. that says the owner of Uvalde's Hanger VII Grill told Roberto and Andres Canales that his Anglo American clientele did not approve of him serving Mexicans, so he cannot serve them in his restaurant.</text>
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                <text>Alonso S. Perales Papers. University of Houston Libraries Special Collections</text>
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                <text>&lt;span&gt;Perales, Alonso S.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Are We Good Neighbors?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;1948.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;EBSCO Arte Público Hispanic Historical Collection: Series 2&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>Gauthereau, Lorena. "Are We Good Neighbors?: Mapping Discrimination Against Mexican Americans in 1940s Texas." &lt;a href="https://arcg.is/1C1bbv" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://arcg.is/1C1bbv&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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                <text>THE STATE OF TEXAS&#13;
COUNTY OF BEXAR&#13;
&#13;
BEFORE ME, the undersigned authority in and for said County, State of Texas, this day personally came and appeared Roberto Canales to me well known, and who, after being by me duly sworn, did depose and say: &#13;
&#13;
My name is Roberto Canales, I am a native born citizen of the United States, 23 years of age and reside at 115 Alazan Street, in San Antonio, Texas. I am a veteran of World War II.&#13;
&#13;
On Tuesday, December 10, about 5:30 P.M., my brother Andres Canales and I went into the Hanger VII Grill, at Uvalde, Texas, and we sat at a table. A man who appeared to be the owner came to us and asked us where we were from and whether we were Mexicans. We told him that we were from San Antonio, Texas, and that we were of Mexican descent. He then said that he was from San Antonio, Texas, also and had been reared among Mexicans, but that the Anglo-American people of Uvalde did not approve of his serving Mexicans in his restaurant. I told him that I was a veteran of World War II and that I had served overseas fighting for my country, and that it was rather disappointing to see now that it did not help me any when it comes to escaping humiliations just because I happen to be of Mexican extraction. He replied that he, too, had been a soldier, but that he could not do anything about it.&#13;
&#13;
I served three and one half years in the United States Army, one year of which I spent overseas.&#13;
&#13;
Further affiant sayeth not. &#13;
[signed] Roberto Canales&#13;
&#13;
Sworn and subscribed before me, this the 11th day of December, A.D. 1946.&#13;
&#13;
[signed] Alonso S. Perales&#13;
Notary Public, Bexar County, Texas</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Envelope addressed to Mr. Alonzo [Alonso] S. Perales c/o [care of] Mexican Chamber of Commerce, postmarked 23 August 1939</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Canalez, G.R. </text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Envelope addressed to Mr. Alonzo [Alonso] S. Perales c/o [care of] the Mexican Chamber of Commerce, from G.R. Canalez in Phoenix, Arizona, postmarked 23 August 1939. This envelope cannot be definitively matched to any of the letters in the Alonso S. Perales Collection.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Alonso S. Perales Collection: Correspondence--Envelopes</text>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>PHOENIX (Ariz.)</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="70858">
                <text>Items in this collection may be under copyright. Please contact apprec@central.uh.edu for more information.</text>
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              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                  <text>Content compilation of The Latino/Hispanic American Experience Leaders, Writers and Thinkers copyright 2012 by Arte Público Historical Collections. All rights reserved.</text>
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              <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                  <text>Texas</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Alonso S. Perales, one of the greatest Latino civil rights leaders ever, was one of the first Latino public intellectuals to master the use of the media in pioneering efforts to track and report on discrimination. Over the course of forty years of activism, during the 1920s to 1960, Perales wrote a weekly column in San Antonio’s La Prensa newspaper, the periodical with the greatest and most extensive circulation; had a radio program; published books; and maintained an unheard of level of correspondence, writing daily as many as ten letters to the authorities, civil rights activists and just everyday folk. One campaign he maintained over many years was his use of the periodicals and radio program to invite victims and witnesses of discrimination to document the cases in letter form and send them to him at his San Antonio law office. He would abstract these testimonies in his newspaper columns and radio programs and use them as evidence to demand corrective action and policy changes from government at every level. In the Alonso S. Perales archive hundreds of these letters have been preserved; many of them were written by hand by working-class people who were most likely to suffer the indignities and denial of services because they were Mexicans or Latinos. Because La Prensa and Perales’ network was so broad, the letters came not only from throughout Texas and the Southwest but from as far north as North Dakota and east as the Carolinas. The record is diverse in documenting everything from barbers refusing to cut hair to schools that would not allow Mexican families to register their children. The Perales collection of correspondence is one of the very few documentary sources that precisely date, locate and describe the instances of segregation, violence and racism experienced by Latinos over a long period of time: names are named, addresses noted and alleged crimes publicized; in most cases, however, these acts were committed with impunity, but the informal history and conscience of la raza was recording them. And now, the researchers of posterity can study and reference them in writing a truer history of the United States, and communities can become aware of these acts in developing laws and policy.</text>
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                  <text>Alonso S. Perales, uno de los líderes latinos más importantes de derechos civiles, fue uno de los primeros intelectuales públicos en dominar el uso de los medios de comunicación y  pionero en dedicar esfuerzos a rastrear y denunciar instancias de discriminación. A lo largo de cuarenta años de activismo, durante las décadas de 1920 hasta 1960, Perales escribió columnas semanales en el periódico La Prensa de San Antonio, el diario con la mayor y más extensa circulación de ese período; además tuvo un programa de radio; publicó libros; y mantuvo una extensa correspondencia, escribiendo hasta diez cartas diarias dirigidas a autoridades, activistas de derechos civiles y gente en general. Perales impulsó una campaña, que mantuvo durante muchos años, donde a través de publicaciones en periódicos y su programa de radio invitaba a las víctimas y testigos de actos de discriminación a documentar estos casos en forma de cartas y a enviárselas a su despacho de abogados de San Antonio, Texas. Perales resumía estos testimonios en sus columnas periodísticas y programas de radio y los utilizaba como prueba para exigir medidas correctivas y cambios de política al gobierno a todo nivel. En el archivo de Alonso S. Perales se conservan cientos de estas cartas; muchas de ellas escritas a mano provenientes en su mayoría de la clase trabajadora que tenía más probabilidades de sufrir humillaciones y negación de servicios por ser mexicanos o latinos.&#13;
Como la red de La Prensa y de Perales eran tan amplias, las cartas vinieron no solo desde Texas y del suroeste sino también desde lugares tan al norte como Dakota del Norte y del este como Carolina del Sur y Carolina del Norte. El material es variado y documenta desde barberos que se negaban a cortar el pelo hasta escuelas que no permitían a las familias mexicanas matricular a sus hijos. La colección de correspondencia de Perales es una de las escasas fuentes documentales que datan, localizan y describen con precisión los casos de segregación, violencia y racismo sufridos por los latinos durante un largo periodo de tiempo: se citan nombres, se anotan direcciones y se publicitan presuntos delitos; en la mayoría de los casos, sin embargo, estos actos se cometían con impunidad, pero la historia informal y la conciencia de la raza los registraban. Y ahora, los investigadores de la posteridad pueden estudiarlos y hacer referencia a ellos al escribir una historia más verdadera de Estados Unidos, y las comunidades pueden tomar conciencia de estos actos al momento de elaborar leyes y políticas.</text>
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                <text>To Sr. Lic. Alonso S. Perales, San Antonio, Texas, From G.N. Cañas, Pecos, Texas, February 27, 1944</text>
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                <text>1944-02-27</text>
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                <text>Letters</text>
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                <text> Perales, Alonso S., 1898-1960</text>
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                <text> Discrimination against Mexican Americans</text>
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                <text> Mexican Americans--Segregation in education</text>
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                <text> Race discrimination--public establishments</text>
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                <text>Letter from G.N. Cañas to Alonso S. Perales informing him of the establishments in Pecos, Texas that segregate or deny service to people of Mexican descent, including schools, hotels, bars, theaters, and coffee shops.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55766">
                <text>Cañas, G.N.</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>Alonso S. Perales Collection: General Correspondence, c. 1920-1960.</text>
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                <text>Arte Público Hispanic Historical Collection: Series 2</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>Spanish</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>Pecos (Tex.)</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="72667">
                <text>Items in this collection may be under copyright. Please contact apprec@central.uh.edu for more information.</text>
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        <name>Discriminación racial--establecimientos públicos</name>
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        <name>Perales Alonso S., 1898-1960</name>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>1918 Influenza Epidemic  Collection</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="48">
              <name>Source</name>
              <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="23416">
                  <text>Hispanic American Periodical Newspapers Collection, Recovering the US Hispanic Literary Heritage.</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="45">
              <name>Publisher</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="23417">
                  <text>La Prensa</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="23418">
                  <text>Heraldo de Mexico</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="23419">
                  <text>Hispano Americano</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="69204">
                  <text>El Imparcial de Texas</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="69205">
                  <text>El Mañana</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="49">
              <name>Subject</name>
              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="26913">
                  <text>Influenza epidemic 1918-1919</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="43494">
                  <text>Hispanic American--Newspapers</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="43495">
                  <text>Public health</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="43496">
                  <text>Quarantine</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="43497">
                  <text>Epidemias--Gripe 1918-1919</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="43498">
                  <text>Diarios--Hispanoestadounidenses</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="43499">
                  <text>Higiene pública</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="43500">
                  <text>Cuarentena</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="40">
              <name>Date</name>
              <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="26914">
                  <text>1917-1918</text>
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            <element elementId="44">
              <name>Language</name>
              <description>A language of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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              <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Text </text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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              <name>Identifier</name>
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                  <text>flue0000</text>
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              <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="26918">
                  <text>United States</text>
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                  <text>Mexico</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="26920">
                  <text>Spain</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="41385">
                  <text>Italy</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="41386">
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                <elementText elementTextId="41387">
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                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="41388">
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            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="26921">
                  <text>Collection of newspaper clippings in Spanish-language newspapers about the 1918 influenza epidemic. The collection covers themes such as public health, home remedies, faux pharmaceuticals, politics, racism and discrimination.  Some of the newspapers in the collection include El Mañana (McAllen, Texas), El Imparcial de Texas (Roma, Texas), and La Prensa (San Antonio, Texas).</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="47">
              <name>Rights</name>
              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="26923">
                  <text>Copyright Arte Público Press</text>
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                <text>flue0022</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Epigramas</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="41897">
                <text>Cano, Carlos </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="41898">
                <text>Hispano America</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="41899">
                <text>1918-10-29</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="41900">
                <text>Poema por Carlos Cano que describe como Don Constante enfermo de influenza, le da pulmonía y muere.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="41901">
                <text>Poem by Carlos Cano that describes how don Constante became ill with the influenza, caught pneumonia and died.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="41902">
                <text>Influenza epidemic 1918-1919</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="41903">
                <text> Hispanic American--Newspapers</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="41904">
                <text> Poetry</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="41905">
                <text> Death in literature, Epidemias--Gripe 1918-1919</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="41906">
                <text> Diarios--Hispanoestadounidenses</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="41907">
                <text> Poesía</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="41908">
                <text> Muerte</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="41909">
                <text>Spanish</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="41910">
                <text>San Francisco, California</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="41911">
                <text>&lt;i&gt;Hispano America&lt;/i&gt;, Oct. 1918, p. 2. Readex: America's Historical Newspapers, infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/readex/doc?p=EANX&amp;amp;ampdocref=image/v2%3A11D362F4E2344D8C%40EANX-11D75FFD34C94288%402421896-11D47440EDA40560%401-127484EBB758874D%40Epigramas</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="41912">
                <text>Recovering the US Hispanic Literary Heritage</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="41914">
                <text>PDF</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="41915">
                <text>Newspaper</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="72494">
                <text>Items in this collection may be under copyright. Please contact apprec@central.uh.edu for more information.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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        <name>epidemia</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="743">
        <name>flu epidemic</name>
      </tag>
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        <name>health</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="746">
        <name>salud</name>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="55710">
                  <text>Documenting Discrimination: Alonso S. Perales Correspondence (1927-1952)</text>
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            </element>
            <element elementId="49">
              <name>Subject</name>
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              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Letters</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="55713">
                  <text>Discrimination against Mexican Americans</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="57410">
                  <text>Discrimination in employment</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="57411">
                  <text>Race discrimination--public establishments</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="57412">
                  <text>Race discrimination--restaurants; </text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="57413">
                  <text>Segregation in education</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="57414">
                  <text>Discrimination in housing</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="57415">
                  <text>Race discrimination in medical care</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="57426">
                  <text>Veteran</text>
                </elementText>
                <elementText elementTextId="57427">
                  <text>Police brutality</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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            <element elementId="48">
              <name>Source</name>
              <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                  <text>Perales, Alonso S.</text>
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                  <text>Content compilation of The Latino/Hispanic American Experience Leaders, Writers and Thinkers copyright 2012 by Arte Público Historical Collections. All rights reserved.</text>
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                  <text>&lt;a href="https://usldhrecovery.uh.edu/collections/show/1"&gt;Alonso S. Perales Collection&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Alonso S. Perales, one of the greatest Latino civil rights leaders ever, was one of the first Latino public intellectuals to master the use of the media in pioneering efforts to track and report on discrimination. Over the course of forty years of activism, during the 1920s to 1960, Perales wrote a weekly column in San Antonio’s La Prensa newspaper, the periodical with the greatest and most extensive circulation; had a radio program; published books; and maintained an unheard of level of correspondence, writing daily as many as ten letters to the authorities, civil rights activists and just everyday folk. One campaign he maintained over many years was his use of the periodicals and radio program to invite victims and witnesses of discrimination to document the cases in letter form and send them to him at his San Antonio law office. He would abstract these testimonies in his newspaper columns and radio programs and use them as evidence to demand corrective action and policy changes from government at every level. In the Alonso S. Perales archive hundreds of these letters have been preserved; many of them were written by hand by working-class people who were most likely to suffer the indignities and denial of services because they were Mexicans or Latinos. Because La Prensa and Perales’ network was so broad, the letters came not only from throughout Texas and the Southwest but from as far north as North Dakota and east as the Carolinas. The record is diverse in documenting everything from barbers refusing to cut hair to schools that would not allow Mexican families to register their children. The Perales collection of correspondence is one of the very few documentary sources that precisely date, locate and describe the instances of segregation, violence and racism experienced by Latinos over a long period of time: names are named, addresses noted and alleged crimes publicized; in most cases, however, these acts were committed with impunity, but the informal history and conscience of la raza was recording them. And now, the researchers of posterity can study and reference them in writing a truer history of the United States, and communities can become aware of these acts in developing laws and policy.</text>
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                  <text>Alonso S. Perales, uno de los líderes latinos más importantes de derechos civiles, fue uno de los primeros intelectuales públicos en dominar el uso de los medios de comunicación y  pionero en dedicar esfuerzos a rastrear y denunciar instancias de discriminación. A lo largo de cuarenta años de activismo, durante las décadas de 1920 hasta 1960, Perales escribió columnas semanales en el periódico La Prensa de San Antonio, el diario con la mayor y más extensa circulación de ese período; además tuvo un programa de radio; publicó libros; y mantuvo una extensa correspondencia, escribiendo hasta diez cartas diarias dirigidas a autoridades, activistas de derechos civiles y gente en general. Perales impulsó una campaña, que mantuvo durante muchos años, donde a través de publicaciones en periódicos y su programa de radio invitaba a las víctimas y testigos de actos de discriminación a documentar estos casos en forma de cartas y a enviárselas a su despacho de abogados de San Antonio, Texas. Perales resumía estos testimonios en sus columnas periodísticas y programas de radio y los utilizaba como prueba para exigir medidas correctivas y cambios de política al gobierno a todo nivel. En el archivo de Alonso S. Perales se conservan cientos de estas cartas; muchas de ellas escritas a mano provenientes en su mayoría de la clase trabajadora que tenía más probabilidades de sufrir humillaciones y negación de servicios por ser mexicanos o latinos.&#13;
Como la red de La Prensa y de Perales eran tan amplias, las cartas vinieron no solo desde Texas y del suroeste sino también desde lugares tan al norte como Dakota del Norte y del este como Carolina del Sur y Carolina del Norte. El material es variado y documenta desde barberos que se negaban a cortar el pelo hasta escuelas que no permitían a las familias mexicanas matricular a sus hijos. La colección de correspondencia de Perales es una de las escasas fuentes documentales que datan, localizan y describen con precisión los casos de segregación, violencia y racismo sufridos por los latinos durante un largo periodo de tiempo: se citan nombres, se anotan direcciones y se publicitan presuntos delitos; en la mayoría de los casos, sin embargo, estos actos se cometían con impunidad, pero la historia informal y la conciencia de la raza los registraban. Y ahora, los investigadores de la posteridad pueden estudiarlos y hacer referencia a ellos al escribir una historia más verdadera de Estados Unidos, y las comunidades pueden tomar conciencia de estos actos al momento de elaborar leyes y políticas.</text>
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                <text>To Sr. Lic. Alonso S. Perales, Strawn, Texas, From Faustino Capiedra and Rosario Castillo, February 17, 1944</text>
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                <text>Letter from Faustino Capiedra and Nasario Castillo to Alonso S. Perales describing the discrimination they experienced in a theater and barber shop.</text>
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                <text>Items in this collection may be under copyright. Please contact apprec@central.uh.edu for more information.</text>
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                <text>Revista sumplemento del libro "Nuestros Héroes", realizada en homenaje a los caudillos de la lucha por la Independencia de México. La edición incluye artículos sobre militares jóvenes, heróes históricos, la bandera de México y los conocidos como Niños Héroes.</text>
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            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>McAllen, Texas</text>
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                <text> Reynosa, Tamaulipas</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Items in this collection may be under copyright. Please contact apprec@central.uh.edu for more information.</text>
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        <name>flag</name>
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        <name>folk heroes</name>
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        <name>Gertrudis Bocanegra</name>
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        <name>guerra</name>
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        <name>independence</name>
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        <name>independencia</name>
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        <name>magazines</name>
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        <name>Miguel Hidalgo</name>
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        <name>nacionalismo</name>
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      <tag tagId="1313">
        <name>nationalism</name>
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        <name>Niños Héroes</name>
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        <name>revistas</name>
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        <name>Vicente Guerrero</name>
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        <name>war</name>
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